Diagrams
A sentence is not just a chain of words; the words are also elements in
a ('syntactic') structure. You must recognize this structure in order to
understand the meaning of the sentence. If the structure is ambiguous or
unclear, the meaning will be so as well.
In a similar way a word is not just a chain of morphemes, they are also
elements in a syntactic structure. The programme will only accept morpheme
chains to which a well-formed syntactic structure can be assigned. When such analyses have been found, and you give their appropriate
number through the push-button [--], the programme will show their syntactic
structure in a 'relation and Role diagram'.
"qimatut"
through the push-button [+] gives:
Kr: (r29,105) _qimatu,
kun i pl. _qimatut, vinterforråd af tørret kød (/ tørre lodder / andre
tørrede fødemidler) som er gemt i en tør, tilmuret fjeldkløft.
OseP: (i93;130) {qimappaa
'efterlader sig det'; PI 323:6 qematu(t)} >qimatut (O/ >qimatuliat ) .
vinterforråd (opbevaret på et afsides sted), depot E winter
stores (of dried meat/fish)
* §qimatu, t: _qimatuliaq; tak: =qimatulivoq; _qimatoqarpoq, _qimatueruppoq | >qimatut, tq
Give it through [analysis -] and obtain:
qimatut, qi=ma=tut (2 2 3)
OseP: (i93;130 1) {qimappaa
'efterlader sig det'; PI 323:6 qematu(t)} >qimatut (O/ >qimatuliat ) .
vinterforråd (opbevaret på et afsides sted), depot E winter
stores (of dried meat/fish)
*
OseP(2): (i93;130 3) P
>qimatut, tq
More (double click / tap) : K p g 0 1 4 5
With "0" (the digit) through the push-button [--] you now
obtain this in a new window:
--0 :
enkleste analyse(r) E simplest analysis/analyses
h+>
qimatu4.#°t0
(f,)
Q====Q
<qimatu4
navnestamme E noun stem> OseP:
(i93;130) {qimappaa
'efterlader sig det'; PI 323:6 qematu(t)} >qimatut (O/ >qimatuliat ) .
vinterforråd (opbevaret på et afsides sted), depot E winter
stores (of dried meat/fish)
*
<.#°t0 flertal E
plural>
The arrow h+> above the word indicates that the two morphemes are
connected by a right-directed relation (Danish "højre"
= '[the direction] right'). The plural inflexion .#°t0 makes the stem qimatu4
into the word "qimatut", which can be used
as an element in the larger structure 'a sentence'; so it is natural to take
the inflexion as head of the relation. The line Q====Q under the two morphemes
indicates that the stem and the word denote the same 'winter stores'. It is
plural because it consists of several pieces (of dried meat or fish).
"1" through [--] gives:
--1
h+>
qimatu4.#°t0
(e,2e,n)
Q====Q
E====E
<qimatu4 navnestamme E noun
stem> OseP:
(i93;130 1) {qimappaa
'efterlader sig det'; PI 323:6 qematu(t)} >qimatut (O/ >qimatuliat ) .
vinterforråd (opbevaret på et afsides sted), depot E winter
stores (of dried meat/fish)
*
<.#°t0 ental, Ejer = 2. person ental, nominativ E singular,
Possessor = 2nd person singular, nominative>
(compare the second analysis of "anut" in [Grammar]Class digits and inflexions). With
this analysis the word would mean 'your winter cache' (singular). There is a
Possessor (Danish: Ejer) which is 2nd person singular
'your(s)', see the line E====E under the line Q====Q.
The word tells a story about some Actors, we may say. It provides these
Actors with Roles - or masks if you prefer. In a Role Q acts the one who (Latin
QUI) is denoted by the noun or noun stem, here a winter cache or stores. In a
Role E acts someone who owns the denoted or has some other close connection
with it, here 'you' = the one spoken to.
The stem qimatu4 is only used with plural inflexions; but instead of
"qimatutit" (f,2e,n)
you would probably say:
qimatuliatit, qi=ma=tu=li=a=tit
(2 2 2 2
2 3)
Analysis : qimatu/lia/tit =
qimatu4.Liaq4.#-tit0 (f,2e,n)
<qimatu4 navnestamme
E noun stem> OseP:
(i93;130 1) {qimappaa
'efterlader sig det'; PI
323:6 qematu(t)} >qimatut
(O/ >qimatuliat ) . vinterforråd
(opbevaret på et afsides sted), depot E winter stores ) of dried meat/fish) *
<.Liaq4
udvider navnestamme E expands a noun stem>
'lavet/forarbejdet ..' .Liaq
<.#-tit0 flertal, Ejer = 2. person ental, nominativ E plural,
Possessor = 2nd person singular, nominative>
More (double click / tap) : 4 7 9 11 12 13 14
"0" (the digit) through [--] now gives this diagram:
g+> h+>
qimatu4.Liaq4.#-tit0 (f,2e,n)
Q=====Q======Q
E======E
'your (= the by you) collected winter cache or
stores'. The stem qimatu4 has been expanded with an affix .Liaq4 'made/manufactured ..', which introduces a new Possessor (E) = the
one who has made or manufactured the said qimatuliaq4. The Possessor of qimatu4
would rather be the place where the winter cache is situated. There is no line
for the latter E in the diagram because it acts in no other Role in the word.
Morphemes that change neither class digit nor Roles have their head
immediately to the left:
anorersuaq, a=no=rer=su=aq
(2 2 3 2 3)
OseP:
(i9;121 6) >anorersuaq . storm E storm |
OseP(2): (i9;121 15) P *
>anori, t rr >anorersuaq, _anorersualiuppaa, _anorilliorpoq, _anorisarpoq, €anorisaat, _anorisaasiorpoq
More (double click / tap) : K g 0 1 4 5 6 9
--0 :
enkleste analyse(r) E simplest analysis/analyses
h++++++++++>
<+v
anorI4.rsu(aQ)4.€0 (e,n)
Q========Q==Q
<anorI4 navnestamme E noun
stem> OseP:
(i9;121 1) {PE 33:6 anuqe}
>anori . vind, blæst E wind
|
<.rsu(aQ)4
udvider navnestamme E expands a noun stem> 'stor/slem/grim ..' .rsuaq
<.€0 ental, nominativ E singular, nominative>
N morphemes are connected by N-1 relations. The affix means 'large/bad/ugly ..', as a double click on .rsuaq
will show.
Verbs have an inflexion which shows the person_and_number
of their Subject and their possible Object, see [Grammar]Class
digits and inflexions. When there is an Object, the term Agens
is used instead of Subject:
anuerpaa, a=nu=er=paa (2 2 3 4)
OseP: (i9;105 1) {anu}
>anuerpaa S spænder den fra, tager seletøjet af
den, slipper den løs E unharnesses it, lets it loose *
OseP(2): (i9;105 2) P *
>anuerpaa (=qimmeq =qimuttoq). tak:
=anu, =anut
More (double click / tap) : K p g 0 2 3 6
--0 :
enkleste analyse(r) E simplest analysis/analyses
h+> h+>
anueq2.Paq1.a0
(indi,3e,3e)
A====A==A
O====O==O
<anueq2 verbalstamme E verbal stem> OseP: (i9;105
1) {anu} >anuerpaa S spænder den fra, tager seletøjet af den, slipper
den løs E unharnesses it, lets
it loose *
<.Paq1 indikativ (fremsættemåde) E indicative>
<.a0 3. person ental, Objekt = 3. person ental E 3rd person singular,
Object = 3rd person singular>
--2
h+>
h+> h+>
anu4.eq2.Paq1.a0
(indi,3e,3e)
E===O====O==O
A====A==A
<anu4 navnestamme
E noun stem> OseP:
(i9;96 1) {PE 33:5 anu}
>anu (/S >anut ) . sele (til
et trækdyr) E harness, dogs' traces *
<.eq2 føjes
til navnestamme, danner verbalstamme E is added to a noun stem, forms a verbal stem> 'tager .. af/fra den/ham' .erpaa
<.Paq1 indikativ (fremsættemåde) E indicative>
<.a0 3. person ental, Objekt = 3. person ental E 3rd person singular,
Object = 3rd person singular>
The affix means 'robs/strips it of .., takes away ..
from it', as a double click on .erpaa
(again) will reveal. Agens strips (Object =) the
draught animal (i.e. the dog) of its harness.
Agens and Object both have person_and_number = 3rd person singular here. Both may be
specified with a noun (phrase) in the sentence. An Object noun (or head of noun
phrase) must agree with nominative: "qimmeq (e,n) anuerpaa"
'he unharnessed the dog'. Or more commonly: "qimmini
(,3re,n) anuerpai
(indi,3e,3f)" 'he unharnessed his (own) dogs'. The Possessor person_and_number in the latter example agrees with r(eflexive) because the Possessor
and the Subject (or Agens) of the verb have the same
Actor, compare [Grammar]Class digits and inflexions.
The half-transitive affix .(T)ivoq [etc., see last in [Grammar]Concatenation of morphemes
(2)] suppresses an Object. If you still want to specify the Object with a noun
(phrase) in the sentence, it(s head) must be in the instrumental case: "qimmiminik (,3re,nik) anuiivoq" (or "anuersivoq")
'he was unharnessing his dogs':
anuiivoq, a=nu=ii=voq (2 2 4 3)
Analysis : anui/i/voq/ = anueq2.(T)i2.Poq1.€0 (indi,3e) [k]
<anueq2 verbalstamme E verbal stem> OseP: (i9;105
1) {anu} >anuerpaa S spænder den fra, tager seletøjet af den, slipper
den løs E unharnesses it, lets
it loose *
<.(T)i2
udvider verbalstamme E expands a verbal
stem> '.. (nogen/noget)'
('halvtransitiv') .(T)ivoq
<.Poq1 indikativ (fremsættemåde) E indicative>
<.€0 3. person ental E 3rd person singular>
More (double click / tap) : 1 2 3 5 6 9 10 11
12 13 14
"0" (the digit) through [--] now gives this diagram:
g+> h+>
h+>
anueq2.(T)i2.Poq1.€0 (indi,3e) [k]
A=====S====S==S
O===L
L stands for local case (such as instrumental).
The meaning of the affixes can often be described more accurately in
terms of Role transformations. Thus the affix that forms the so-called 'passive
participle' simply propagates the stem's A as E and its O as Q. "qimmeq (e,n)
anuigaa" 'the dog(,) his (i.e. the by him)
unharnessed' = 'the dog that he unharnessed':
anuigaa, a=nu=i=gaa (2 2 2 4)
Analysis : anui/ga/a =
anueq2.-gaq4.a0 (e,3ie,n) [-Taq]
<anueq2
verbalstamme E verbal stem>
OseP: (i9;105 1) {anu} >anuerpaa S spænder den fra, tager seletøjet af den, slipper
den løs E unharnesses it, lets
it loose *
<.-gaq4 føjes til verbalstamme, danner
navnestamme E is added to a verbal stem, forms a noun stem>
'(noget/en) ..t' (= .Taq efter k,q) .-gaq
<.a0 ental, Ejer = (ikke refleksiv)
3. person ental, nominativ E singular, Possessor = (not reflexive) 3rd
person singular, nominative>
More (double click / tap) : 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
--0 :
enkleste analyse(r) E simplest analysis/analyses
h+> h+>
anueq2.-gaq4.a0
(e,3ie,n) [-Taq]
A======E==E
O====Q==Q
(A form of the 'passive participle' [.Taq4 etc.] also occurs in .Liaq4
'made/manufactured ..' above.)
The affix (4) .u2 'be (a) ..' propagates Q of
the stem as Subject or as R = subjective complement (Danish: subjektsprædikat). "qimmeq kajortoq" 'a
dog (which is) brown' = 'a brown dog', "qimmiuvoq
kajortoq" 'it is a brown dog':
qimmiuvoq, qim=mi=u=voq (3 2 2 3)
Analysis : qimmi/u/voq/ =
qimmeq4.u2.Poq1.€0 (indi,3e)
[-u-]
<qimmeq4
navnestamme E noun stem> OseP: (i94;162
1) {PE 331:2 qikmiR}
>qimmeq hund E dog |
<.u2 føjes til navnestamme, danner
verbalstamme E is added to a noun
stem, forms a verbal stem> 'er
(en/et) ..' .uvoq
<.Poq1 indikativ (fremsættemåde) E indicative>
<.€0 3. person ental E 3rd person singular>
"0" (the digit) through the push-button [--] gives these
diagrams:
h+>h+> h+>
qimmeq4.u2.Poq1.€0 (indi,3e) [-u-]
Q==S====S==S
h+>h+> h+>
qimmeq4.u2.Poq1.€0 (indi,3e) [-u-]
Q==R
S====S==S
Compare "kajortoq qimmiuvoq"
'the brown one is a dog' with
"kajortoq"
'([something] which is) brown' used as (specifier of
the) Subject.
The Subject specifier ("kajortoq") precedes the verb ("qimmiuvoq") as in English (not interrogative)
sentences. But the square bracket [-u-] informs my programme for Greenlandic
sentence analysis (not included here) that the verb "qimmiuvoq"
'(it) is a dog' also may be combined with a following so-called predicative
like "kajortoq" '(which is) brown'.
.uvoq 'is (a) ..' [and .nngorpoq 'becomes (a) ..'] form intransitive verbal stems, and .Toq
'who/which ..' ('intransitive participle') can only be
used with intransitive verbal stems; but with a 'universal' affix between them
they may be used transitively. A universal affix may be both verbal and nominal
and gives no Role transformation, e.g. .rsuaq
'large/bad/ugly ..' and .rsuarpoq
'.. with violence'. We see it in
nalusorsuuaa ['he/she is
totally ignorant of it'], na=lu=sor=suu=aa
(2 2 3 4 4)
Analysis : nalu/sor/su/u/a/a =
nalu2.Toq4.rsu(aQ)4.u2.Paq1.a0 (indi,3e,3e) [-u-]
OseP:
(i59;40 1) {PE
231:7 naLu-} >naluvoq . er uvidende,
<.Toq4 føjes til verbalstamme, danner navnestamme E
is added to a verbal stem, forms a noun stem> 'som
..' ('intransitiv navnemåde') .Toq
<.rsu(aQ)4
udvider navnestamme E expands a noun stem>
'stor/slem/grim ..' .rsuaq
<.u2 føjes til navnestamme, danner
verbalstamme E is added to a noun
stem, forms a verbal stem> 'er
(en/et) ..' .uvoq
<.Paq1 indikativ (fremsættemåde) E indicative>
<.a0 3. person ental, Objekt = 3. person
ental E 3rd person singular, Object
= 3rd person singular>
More (double click / tap) : 11 12 13
"0" (the digit) through the push-button [--] now gives this
diagram:
h++++++++++++++++++>
<+++++++++++++++U
H++++++++++>
<+V h+>
nalu2.Toq4.rsu(aQ)4.u2.Paq1.a0 (indi,3e,3e) [-u-]
A====Q========Q==A====A==A
O====E========E==O====O==O