Compounds (yhdyssanat)
Look again at the word
"aallonpohja". Give it through [F analysis -] and obtain:
suomi:
(i2;106 4) ;aallonpohja
More (double click / tap) : 0 4 5
0 : simplest analysis/analyses
suomi:
(i2;106 4) ;aallonpohja . bølgedal
More (double click / tap) : 0 4 5
The word is analyzed as the noun
stem aallonpohja4 with the zero inflexion (4).€0 (s,n)
= singular, nominative.
"4" and "5" give
deeper analyses:
4
Analysis :
aallon/pohja/ = aallon9.pohja4.€0 (s,n)
suomi:
(i2;106 1) >aallon- (=aalto) : ;aallonharja . bølgekam,
bølgetop |
suomi: (i64;117 1) >pohja . bund; (=perusta) grundlag; (=kengänpohja)
sål _ |
<.€0 singular, nominative>
More (double click / tap) : o 0 5
5
Analysis :
aallo/n/pohja/ = aallo4.n9.pohja4.€0 (s,n)
suomi: (i2;108 1) >aalto . bølge _ _aallon |
<.n9 connector, < the
inflexion for singular, genitive>
suomi: (i64;117 1) >pohja . bund; (=perusta) grundlag; (=kengänpohja)
sål _ |
<.€0 singular, nominative>
More (double click / tap) : o 0 4
The stem aallonpohja4 is composed of
aalto4 and pohja4 with a connector (yhdistäjä) (4).n9. The connector is from
the inflexion (4).n0 (s,g) = singular, genitive.
"aallon-" ('wave-') is the same as aalto4.n9.
Stems and words can be said to have
(underlyingly) 9 on their left, also in Danish. And words can be said to have
(underlyingly) 0 on their right, also in Finnish.
When (4).n9 induces no changes
inside the preceding stem, we can write it with a "§" instead of
"&" before the second part of compounds in the lexicon.
"Kaspianmeri" (Kaspia/n/meri/) through [+-] thus gives:
(i1,243)
"Kaspia :
§meri 4 . Kaspiske hav
The corresponding Danish connector
has the substance "s" and is written with a "#"
instead of "&" before the second part of compounds in the
lexicon.
Another Danish possibility is
unstressed "e" (shwa) and "!" in the lexicon between
consonants which may not combine.
Both languages have a frequent
connector (& =) (4/0).€9 with the substance € =
zero, as in aalto//pelti/ = bølge//blik/ (see below) and in ord//bog/ =
Finnish always inserts a
"-" between two identical vowels in a compound stem, as in
"lehto-orvokki" (lehto/-/orvokki/). The programme will find
"lehto" and "orvokki" in the lexicon, and it will accept a
form "lehtoorvokki" (lehto//orvokki/). But Finnish written
"oo" denotes long "o", so the latter form is not correct.
There is a syllable border between the two components.
I have only to a very limited extent
gathered the Danish compounds under their first component. I am more interested
in Finnish (here), and it is more regular.
Next give the Finnish word
"aaltopeltikatto" through [F analysis -]:
Analysis
: aaltopelti//katto/ =
aaltopelti4.€9.katto4.€0 (s,n)
suomi: (c1,179) >aaltopelti .
(i2;108 7)
;aaltopelti _ |
<.€9 connector>
suomi: (i32;75
1) >katto . (=ulkokatto) tag,
(=sisäkatto) loft _ |
<.€0
singular, nominative>
More (double click/tap) : 1 4 5 9 13
1
Analysis : aalto//peltikatto/ =
aalto4.€9.peltikatto4.€0 (s,n)
suomi: (i2;108 1) >aalto . bølge _ _aallon |
<.€9 connector>
suomi:
(c76,360) >peltikatto
i61;252_003
<.€0
singular, nominative>
More (double click/tap) : 0 4 5 9 13
Finnish compounds in general come
late in the articles in the files i, but then they are also first word in a
file c. The programme prefers the analysis "aaltopelti" ('corrugated
iron') + "katto" ('roof') because "peltikatto" ('tin roof')
is not in the pocket dictionary. "aaltopelti"
('bølgeblik') is in the Danish-Finnish part of this dictionary, as indicated
with an "_" after.
Suomi-englanti-suursanakirja (2012)
has both "aaltopelti" ('corrugated iron') and "peltikatto"
('tin roof') as entry words. The medium-sized Suomi-ruotsi-suomi sanakirja
(2007) conversely has "peltikatto" ('plåttak') and not
"aaltopelti", but "aaltolevy" ('korrugerad plåt') instead
of the latter.
"4" and "5" give
a deeper analysis of "katto" resp. "aaltopelti":
4
Analysis : aaltopelti//katt/o/ =
aaltopelti4.€9.katta2.O4.€0 (s,n)
suomi: (c1,179) >aaltopelti .
(i2;108 7)
;aaltopelti _ |
<.€9 connector>
suomi: (i32;71 1) >kattaa 2 . overdække,
dække; belægge; (=katto) tække _ _katettu |
<.O4 jako (jakaa), lento (lentää), lähtö (lähteä),
teko (tehdä), pelko (pelätä), näkö (nähdä), kuulo (kuulla); pako (paeta), löytö
(löytää)>
<.€0 singular, nominative>
More (double click / tap) : 0 1 5 9 13
5
Analysis : aalto//pelti//katto/ =
aalto4.€9.pelti4.€9.katto4.€0
(s,n)
suomi: (i2;108 1) >aalto . bølge _ _aallon |
<.€9 connector>
suomi: (i61;252 1) >pelti . blik; (=paistopelti) plade; (=savupelti)
spjæld _ |
<.€9 connector>
suomi:
(i32;75 1) >katto .
(=ulkokatto) tag, (=sisäkatto) loft _ |
<.€0
singular, nominative>
More (double click/tap) : 0 1 4 9 13
With "9" (= 4 + 5) you get
the deeper analysis of both. "13" gives "aaltopelti" + a
wild analysis of "katto".
The analysis of
"aaltopeltikatto" takes some time because of the many stems found in
the files i + c. If you give the word through the push-button [,-], the
analysis is faster because the programme doesn't search the files c:
More (double click / tap) : 0 4 13
"0" and "4"
correspond to "5" and "9" above.
Many botanical names are compounds.
"ahkeraliisa" ('busy Lizzie', Impatiens) is
an example. "liisa" through [full articles
+] gives:
(i45,98) >liisa ; | ;liisankukka
The lonely ";" says that
the word is used as the second part of compounds. Give "liisa"
through [F reverse k_] and double click on the shown "a30", if you
want to see the entry words that resemble "liisa" on the right.
("liisa" is also the first part of
"liisankukka", a different flower.)
Give "Impatiens" through
the push-button [F-D,D-F] and obtain:
looked in (double
click / tap) : I1 o2 s1 q1 T1 n1 y10
suomi: (i27,272) >kC433 Balsamin-slægten, ,Impatiens 654-655
(384-385)
Impatiens
belongs to the Balsamin family, which is described on page 654 and
A double click on "272" in
"i27,272" will enter a list of the plant
families in Nordens flora:
"kC430
"kC431
LYNGORDENEN
"kC432 Balsaminfamilien
"kC433 Balsamin-slægten,
,Impatiens 654-655 (384-385)
"kC434 Floksfamilien
"kC435 Floks-slægten,
Phlox 655-656 (482, 887)
"kC436 Limfrø,
Collomia linearis 656 (482)
"kC437 Blåhoved-slægten,
Gilia 656 (482)
"kC438 Jakobsstige-slægten,
,Polemonium 656-657 (482-483)
"kC439 Kodriverfamilien
"kC440 Kodriver-slægten,
,Primula 658-659 (460-461)
"kC441 Skov-alpeklokke,
Soldanella montana 659 (461)
"kC442 Fjeldarve-slægten,
,Androsace 660 (462)
"kC443 Vandrøllike,
,Hottonia palustris 660 (462)
"kC444 Fredløs-slægten,
,Lysimachia 661-664 (463-464)
"kC445 Samel,
,Samolus valerandi 664 (466)
"kC446 Fjeldprydfamilien
"kC447 Fjeldpryd,
,Diapensia lapponica 665 (450)
"kC448 Galax, Galax
urceolata 665
"kC449 Trompetbladfamilien
"kC450 Trompetblad, Sarracenia purpurea 665 (241)
"kC451 Lyngfamilien
"kC452 Vintergrøn-slægten,
,Pyrola 666-667 (450-451)
"kC453 Ensidig
vintergrøn, ,Orthilia secunda 668 (452)
"kC454 Enblomstret
vintergrøn, ,Moneses uniflora 668 (452)
"kC455 Snylterod,
,Monotropa hypopitys 668 (452)
"kC456 Skærmvintergrøn,
Chimphila umbellata 669 (453)
"kC457 Kalmia-slægten,
Kalmia 669
"kC457' Kryblyng,
,Loiseleuria procumbens 669 (453)
"kC458 Blålyng,
,Phyllodoce caerulea 669 (453)
"kC459 Kantlyng,
,Cassiope tetragona 670 (454)
"kC460 Moslyng,
,Harrimanella hypnoides 670 (454)
"kC461 Rhododendron-slægten,
,Rhododendron 670-671 (454-455)
"kC462 Læderløv,
,Chamaedaphne calyculata 671 (455)
"kC463 Erica-slægten,
,Erica 672 (456)
"kC464 Hedelyng,
,Calluna vulgaris 672 (456)
"kC465 Rosmarinlyng,
,Andromeda polifolia 673 (457)
"kC466 Aksel-druelyng,
Leucothoë axillaris 673
"kC467 Bølle-slægten,
,Vaccinium 673-675 (457-459)
"kC468 Bjerg-melbærris,
,Arctous (/ ,Arctostaphylos) alpinus 674 (458)
"kC469 Hede-melbærris,
,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 674 (458)
"kC470 Revling, ,Empetrum nigrum 675 (459)
"kC471
In the first turn I overlooked
Loiseleuria procumbens ("sielikkö"), kC457'. If I have not overlooked
more, all the latin family names in Nordens flora will
be in this list. And everything is in alphabetical order in the files y. Line
no. N in the index file y0 is the beginning of the first line (with a content) in the file yN.
A double click on ",Impatiens" (or "Impatiens" through the
push-button [(F-)D ,]) gives the full names from three smaller flora books:
suomi: (i25;23 6)
;jättipalsami {Impatiens glandulifera M126} Kæmpe-balsamin |
suomi(2): (i44;68 30) ;lehtopalsami {Impatiens noli-tangere G158
M126 O168} Spring-balsamin |
suomi(3): (i71;209 6) ;rikkapalsami {Impatiens parviflora G158
O168} Småblomstret balsamin |
"G158" after two of these
names indicates that there is a photo and description on page
Maastokasvio and Feltfloraen are
adapted translations of "Svensk Fältflora" from 2006, which is an
abridged version of "Den nya nordiska floran" from 2003. The Danish
version of the latter is "Den nye nordiske Flora" (2003 and 2014)
mentioned above.
"G158", "M126"
and "O168" are formally Danish words in the Finnish-Danish
dictionary. You may give them through [(F-)D ,] and
see all the article segments that contain them. Or you may give them through
[F-D,D-F] and double click on the initially shown
"y7" resp. "y14" and "y18".
The three Finnish names above end in
"palsami". The last part of the corresponding Danish names is
"balsamin". "palsami" through
[full articles +] gives:
(i60,67) >palsami _ | >palsamoida _ >palsamointi
(i60,68) >palsami [=lehtopalsami, =jättipalsami; =rikkapalsami]
and
"balsamin":
(t2,441) >balsamin :
,balsamin ,Kæmpe-balsamin ,Spring-balsamin
A double click on ",balsamin" gives:
suomi: (i71;209 6)
;rikkapalsami {Impatiens parviflora G158 O168} Småblomstret balsamin |
"=rikkapalsami", which is not
in Maastokasvio, is given after a semicolon (instead of comma) in the square
brackets above.
A double click on ";rikkapalsami" or "=rikkapalsami" gives:
looked in (double
click / tap) : I71 o136 s68 q36 T28 n36 y115
suomi: (i71;209 6)
;rikkapalsami {Impatiens parviflora G158 O168} Småblomstret balsamin |
Give it through [full articles +]
and obtain:
(i71,209) >rikka . snavs,
skidt; (=jäte) affald _ | ;rikkaimuri ;rikkakasa ;rikkakihveli |
;rikkakukonkannus {Consolida regalis M068 O112} Korn-ridderspore | ;rikkalapio
. fejeblad _ | ;rikkanenätti {Rorippa sylvestris M082
O132} Vej-guldkarse | ;rikkapalsami {Impatiens parviflora G158 O168}
Småblomstret balsamin | ;rikkapähkämö {Stachys arvensis M172} Ager-galtetand |
;rikkarehuvirna {Vicia sativa ssp. segetalis M112} Ager-vikke | ;rikkaruoho . ukrudt | ;rikkaruohoinen | ;rikkasinappi {Sinapis arvensis
M090 O130} Ager-sennep | ;rikkatunkio ;rikkaäes
and through [,+]:
(i71,209) >rikka . snavs,
skidt; (=jäte) affald _ | &kukonkannus . Korn-ridderspore | &lapio . fejeblad _ | &nenätti .
Vej-guldkarse | &palsami . Småblomstret balsamin |
&pähkämö . Ager-galtetand | &rehuvirna . Ager-vikke | &ruoho .
ukrudt | &sinappi . Ager-sennep
None of the 1.250 Finnish botanical
names consists of more than one word. There is more compounding in Finnish than
in Danish.
The given word is analysed in a stem
chain from the left end and a suffix chain from the right end. The last
morpheme in a valid stem chain is a stem; it has 9 on its left and < 9 on its
right. Suffix chains contain no morpheme with 9 on its left or right. An
analysis consists of a valid stem chain and a fitting suffix chain.
The programme first finds all the
stem chains that correspond with the left end of the given word. And then it
builds suffix chains from the right end. It calculates a "weight" of
the chains, and it prefers word analyses with a smaller total weight. Most
morphemes contribute 2 to the chain's weight.
The programme was developed
originally to Greenlandic (Eskimo), which has a lot of derivations and very few
compounds. A Greenlandic stem chain rarely contains more than one stem, and
never more than two. But Greenlandic has a richer system of inflection for
person, and therefore even more inflexions than Finnish. So a Greenlandic
suffix chain can easily contain many morphemes.
The files c and r, where compounds
(from later in the dictionary articles) are given as stems, helps the Finnish
programme to analyse long stem chains correctly. The structure found will be a
binary tree. But you may give long Finnish words through the push-button [,-]
as explained, and save time.